Payroll System Executive Summary free essay sample

Executive Summary JGC Philippines, Inc. (JPHIL), was incorporated and registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on September 5, 1989. It is originally engaged in providing engineering services which consist of feasibility study, front-end engineering and detailed engineering design for its mother company in Japan, JGC Corporation. , and its domestic clients. The core of objective is to employ, maintain and develop the best people through challenging careers, growth opportunities, competitive compensation, performance rewards and a nurtured balance between work and personal life.JGC Philippines, Inc. is having a specific problem with their system precede that involved calculations and recording of essential data. The company is using manual payroll system which experiencing slow processing of data and also very costly since it takes up a lot of time, resources and money. In order to cope with it, the staffs are extending their time (overtime) just to compute the payroll of the employees. The accounting department find it difficult and the result on this is a delayed salary for the employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Payroll System Executive Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is also a high volume of errors using manual computation. For that matter, the proponents decided to build up a system in which it will try to solve this kind of problem. Then, there would be less, efforts to be done and no more unorganized flow of processing. For this reason, the proponents come up with a payroll system that will manipulate the information receive and transmitted to produce an efficient and effective process that can be use by the JGC Philippines, Inc.

Excavating the Empty Tomb Essay

Excavating the Empty Tomb Essay Excavating the Empty Tomb Essay Essay on Excavating the empty Tomb: The author of the movie â€Å"general assertion is that the authenticity of the new gospel† is not genuine. The author believes that the books of the new gospel Mark, Matthew, Luke and John are all fabricated as illustrated by (Top Documentaries, online). The author sees these new gospel books as fictional books that were drawn up by authors who were interested in coming up with formidable stories that they wanted the public to read and be fascinated about. The assertions that are illustrated by the author seem to be true. This is because all the assertions that the author are supported with facts. What the author asserts are really interesting and fascinating. This is because first of the statement made about the gospel of Mark. All the old versions of the gospel of Mark did not contain the verses starting with chapter nine. These verses had initially been omitted but eventually were found inserted in the versions that were written later. This is very controversial since the verses that were later inserted seemed to solely support the verdict that Jesus had risen as of the deceased. Although this seems circumstantial with the fact that the general writing flow of these chapters stress on the fact the Jesus arose from the dead along with that he is the only one to be worshipped. The author has very strong arguments against the resurrection of Christ which are strongly supported by the basic facts that he makes through the documentary as explained by (Build Forum, online). Since the books of the gospel were also written anonymously as nobody really knows who their authors are and this is a proven fact. If no one really knows the authors of these books, then their credibility is seriously questioned. The trends that are evident in the documentary are the omission of the last chapters in the gospel of Mark. We note that the earlier versions of Mark’s gospel did not contain the chapters 9 through to 16. To me, this seems an omission and an inclusion in the new version makes the documents questionable. This makes me doubt the whole authenticity of the bible. If these chapters were initially not present, then just along the writing of the new version, some of the bits included make it unbelievable. The whole editing of the gospels to include the new chapters in the later stages make it seem shrouded with mystery. This is really disturbing to note that the earlier version might have been the correct one. The apparent lack of authors of the gospel of the New Testament further put the writings of the bible in complete mystery. What if the bible stories were written as fiction stories just like the odyssey stories? This could help in illustrating how the fictional nature of the bo ok of Mark is. The author of Mark is mysterious and we are shrouded in mystery. How can a book that is written by a mysterious author be credible? The new knowledge that I have acquired from the documentary is the writing history of the New Testament gospels. The detailed history on how all the books of gospel were written has given me a new insight about the build in the writing of books in the bible. The illustration on how the book of Mark was first written is really of interest. The interesting bit of the new versions of the gospel of Mark is on it insisting on the resurrection of Christ. Since the other gospels Mathew, Luke and John were written after the book of Mark, they contain the same message but curiously insist on the last chapters of the book of Mark as noted by (Mindscape, online). The insight of this knowledge was the curiosity in the writing of the books on how the authors were able to read the thoughts of Jesus. Reading someone’s thoughts is something that is impossible and no man can accomplish it unless through miracles. The later books also seem to give more detailed explanations that the original bo ok which is unusual as some of the books described were not present in the book of Mark. The part of the documentary which I disagree with is the parallelism of relation of the events between the odyssey stories and the description of the book of Mark. I think this was a coincidence and the need of the author to find out something that he could compare with his story so as to support the facts. There is no relation whatsoever about the story of a living man and the life history of Christ as noted by (Andrea, online). Since the odyssey story was fictional story, one cannot just pinpoint that the gospel of Mark was also fictional. We normally have fictional stories which are derived or similar to the actual stories. The insistence of Christ that no one tells other his people of who he is was a way to fulfill his will. Without hiding his identity, the purpose which he had been sent to earth to fulfill could not be accomplished. This is in total contrast with what the author wants us to really believe. The story of Jesus Christ on earth cannot be compared with fictional stor ies. Things that Jesus Christ performed were miracles and can never be explained through science history of mathematics.

Math Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Math - Essay Example help students have good economic life in future, that is, be employed and deal with life issues such as handling money, interacting with other people, and be well conversant with spiritual life (Peter, 2001). The other aspect of education is to produce a person who is physically, morally, and spiritually upright. All these should be instilled through teaching of mathematics. This paper therefore emphasizes on how mathematics leads to spiritual development. Mathematics as a subject is normally used by people to give a better understanding of very great things including description of natural phenomena normally use mathematics as a subject, how they occur in the world. For instance, knowledge of probability may make a person tell whether it would rain the next day or not (winter, 2000). Even explanation on the depths of ocean waters, heights of mountains and calendar of the days. All these descriptions require the knowledge of mathematics. Mathematicians are philosophers on their own since they can sit and think how great things came into existence there giving an insight to occurrence of infinite things of the world (Downes, 1997). As a matter of understanding wonders and infinite things, mathematics teachers apply the methods of using surprises in order to make complicated things become real. For example, Movshovits Hadar (1988) argues that using the concept of Pythagoras theorem in bringing ideas of squaring sides of a right-angled triangle is a surprise to students. Mathematics has been used to promote spiritual development in learners. This can be clearly explained in terms of religion, philosophy and science that attempt to explain how Christians are linked with charity and social justice through mathematics. The origin of mathematics can be traced back from great philosophers such as Pythagoras and Plato who through rational thinking did a lot in the field of mathematics. According to Morshovits (1988) mathematics play a spiritual function by providing a

A History of American Currency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A History of American Currency - Essay Example The specific paper focuses on the presentation of the history of currency in America for the years 1000 up to 1877; however not sufficient information exists for the whole period mentioned above. More specifically, America is a continent the history of which is clearly known only after a particular point of time: the establishment of the first colonies in various regions across the continent. Before the specific period of time just a few hypotheses can be made regarding the currency (referring to the various ‘means’ of exchanging goods of a specific value) used by natives, especially Indians in their daily transactions. After the entrance of people from Europe (especially English but also Spanish and French) in America, a specific monetary system began to be created in the continent; this system had many of the characteristics of the one used previously by Indians while several changes were made (in accordance with the economy of the colonists involved) in order for the various transactions with the mother – country to be completed successfully. The reference specifically to England when describing the monetary history of America is unavoidable; the specific country represented the majority of people that entered America and for this reason the monetary system of England has been considered to be the basis for the American economy – although it was rather a gradual development. As for natives (Indians or Amerindians) they gradually lost their right to intervene in the financial development of their region and had to be adapted to the new monetary standards implemented by colonists. In this context, the monetary history of America (referring to the currency in its form that is similar with its current one) could be regarded as beginning in the 17th century. Regarding this issue, it is noticed by Delage et al. (1993, 141) that ‘in the years that followed 1650 the Amerindians found themselves losing control of their

Psychology ,research methods ,Qualitative Methodologies Essay

Psychology ,research methods ,Qualitative Methodologies - Essay Example The research will help to explain the behaviour of children suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It will also help in identifying the behaviour patterns of children having ADHD. It is very important to understand the problems children are facing at home and at school and this research will help parents and teachers identify behaviours that are observed in children diagnosed with ADHD. Teachers and parents are the two people who spend the most time with children so if they are well versed with their understanding of the problem children can be better treated. Behaviour identification is the best way of identification of ADHD in children so this research will help teachers and parents in identifying children diagnosed with ADHD and this can help in early treatment of the disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a development disorder and children suffering from this show hyperactivity with attention problems (Zwi, Ramchandani & Joughin, 2000). Infrequent and impulsive behaviour is also a consequence of ADHD (Biederman, J. 1998). The disorder is generally associated with children because the symptoms are seen when child is 7 to 8 years old but the ADHD also continues to effect people in adulthood. There are many types of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders. The classification of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is done on the basis of behaviours children elicit when suffering from the disease. In one type of ADHD hyper activity is witnessed in children and it is predominant. In second type of ADHD inattention is the major behaviour shown by the children. In another type of ADHD both impulsive nature of children with lack of attention is observed in children diagnosed with ADHD. The main causes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are unknown but scientists believe that neurological problems and genes are responsible for the ADHD in children (Phillip & Mersch, 2010). Other explanations are also given like

Media Streaming Techniques

Media Streaming Techniques Chapter 7 : Media Streaming and Storage In this chapter, we learn about media streaming techniques and typical devices used within streaming. Streaming is the process of media delivery via computer networks, most notably the internet. Learning Outcomes To explain streaming and how media is transmitted via computer networks To give an outline of the encoding and storage of video material. Media Streaming is the process of transmitting audio and video signals via computer networks, most notably the internet. It requires three parts, a source (to encode the stream), a server (to host the streaming service), and a browser or player (to view the stream). Streaming is an increasingly important technology to learn about as content continues to be delivered to a variety of internet connected devices. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) is effectively streaming programmes (both TV and radio) and movies over the internet instead of terrestrial broadcast. The media streamed may be live (e.g. news) or on-demand (e.g. movies, programmes etc.). IPTV is usually over a ‘closed’ or ‘subscriber’ network e.g. VirginTV (UK) with a specified minimum Quality of Service. This should not be confused with Internet TV (a.k.a. Web TV) which is transmitted using the same protocols but primarily consumed via a web-browser on the ‘open’ internet (eg. BBC iPlayer). 7.1 Stream Creation 7.1.1 Capture The media stream can be pre-recorded or a live feed that is ‘captured’ and run through an encoder. An audio live feed can be used for internet radio; it requires a sound card to capture the audio input. Sound capture devices can be internal (eg sound cards or integral computer motherboard device) or external devices (e.g. audio interface) though it would be wise to review the earlier chapter on professional versus domestic signal levels before assuming that a built-in motherboard can handle your incoming audio signal. Similarly, live video is via a camera (webcam – poor quality, or video camera – higher quality) but the capture device is typically by video capture cards, IEEE 1394 connection (aka Firewire) or for domestic quality, a USB device. Some USB plug-in devices carry both audio and video signals; it is the software in the encoder that is set to look for where the feeds are attached to the computer. Current tablet and smart-phones can be used as internet streaming devices. These, along with some cameras, are already ‘cloud connected’ for storage and sharing while IP-Cameras (viewable and controllable on streaming sites) can be used for home security etc. It is possible that these will become more ubiquitous and have greater streaming functionality in the future. 7.1.2 Encoding Encoding is performed by an encoding software package such as Adobe Flash Live Media Encoder. A ‘live’ feed or pre-recorded media must be compressed and fed into the stream at a suitable bit rate and in a format with which the media server can cope for the purposes of ingest and re-direction. It is necessary for any audio video compression process to have the right decompressor at the play-out destination. Compression (bit-rate reduction) at the transmission end can be in either one or two pass encoding and at a constant bit rate (CBR) or variable bit rate (VBR). Live encoding must be done in real-time ‘on-the-fly’ so it is a one pass encoding i.e. the image data is analysed and compressed once. Pre-recorded data can be a multi-pass (usually two-pass) process so the quality of the encoding is higher, but is not used in live stream encoding. Constant bit rate (CBR) is used for media streaming as the encoding quality and feed to the server remains at the same bit rate, so can be at the maximum level the process will allow. Variable bit rate (VBR) is controlled by the bit rate range (Minimum – Maximum) or the average bit rate (each pass is averaged, and then several averages are re-averaged) to achieve a close to uniform bit rate for the stream. Variable bit rate is used for a multi-pass encoding process. 7.2 Network Connectivity 7.2.1 IP address (Internet Protocol Address) Every computer device that can be connected to the internet requires a unique address so that it can be found, rather like a telephone number. So to host a media stream that can be found on the internet, the media server requires a static IP address. Like telephone numbers in a directory, IP addresses are convertible to meaningful names by a Domain Name Server (DNS) process running on a web-hosting server. Consequently media servers and web-servers are closely coupled, and media is capable of being found using a web-based URL (Uniform Resource Locator) such as www.youtube.com. The source device (the computer or IP enabled camera etc.) needs to be found by the media server. This means the device has to ‘join’ the media server’s network (a more permanent connection) or pass on its IP address for the session (a temporary connection lasting until the session ends). Network Router The link between the source device and the media server may not be a direct connection, but may run through other connecting devices (network servers and routers). A router is a device that redirects data to another connected device either on its own or another network. This is basically how the interconnectivity of the internet works, routing between the server acting as the source device’s internet service provider to other networks and finally being re-directed to the destination. Multiplexer (MUX) Obviously it would be inefficient if the stream of data being passed to a media server is solely dedicated to one source device. This is a poor use of bandwidth, (bandwidth being the range of frequencies available in the data stream), so multiple devices are streamed simultaneously. A multiplexer (MUX) is a device that is used to combine input streams into a single output stream which is then split back into individual streams using a de-multiplexer (DEMUX). Figure 7-1 : Multiplexer to Demultiplexer 7.2.2 Web-Host Servers For a stream to be found it must be made available to web-browsers or stand-alone players (e.g. Windows Media Centre). The web-host server handles the web-site connectivity but need not be the same computer as the media server but both need a connection between them that isn’t prone to interruption. This web site often has a web page (HTML –HyperText Markup Language) with a plug-in media player connected to the media stream being managed by the media server, and contains the web-site in which the page resides. Consequently it must link to the internet and Domain Name Server process to resolve the IP Address from the web-site name, so the routing can direct the end user’s browser to the host. Figure 7-2 : Connection diagram The browser only needs to connect to the internet via its Internet Service provider to link to the media stream’s web-host server (see figure 7-2 Connection diagram). Hence any internet device with media playing capability could view the stream including smart-phones, tablets and PCs providing it has the right decompressing codec and can manage the bit rate of the stream from the media server. This is why it is important to offer various streams of differing quality, bit rate and formats (e.g. a Windows Media Video .WMV format file may not play on an iPad without a conversion app). A further file often created at the time of the stream hosting web page is an announcement file. These are particularly important to make potential viewers aware of the content and set links to the media stream. Podcast and Vodcast Podcasts are audio files that are available for download from a web hosting service (vodcasts are video inclusive podcasts) and differ from media steaming in so much as the content is downloaded then played on the user’s device. Streamed media is viewable but not downloaded to the device. They are often announced by RSS feeds (a short web content file) to which your device has been connected. 7.3 Media Streaming Servers A Media server is additional software that runs on a typical web server (or file server with web-host server connection). It requires a static IP – so its address does not alter on each session). The media server software needs to add additional protocols to those found on a simple web-server. In addition to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which is inbuilt with the web server, these additional protocols differ for proprietary server software. Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) is for Adobe Flash systems along with HTTP Dynamic Streaming (HDS). Microsoft Media Services (MMS) is no longer supported for windows streaming and now uses HTTP and Real time Steaming Protocol (RTSP), and finally there is an HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) protocol which is for Apple iOS based systems. Adaptive streaming (HDS, HLS and Microsoft Smooth Streaming) requires the stream to be fragmented (which is how HTTP delivers content) and may utilise the MPEG-DASH codec. Adaptive streaming is where the content is streamed as fragments in a variety of bit rates with the computer automatically selecting the next most appropriate sized fragment based on its current playback state to minimise buffering. This differs from the older method of providing different dedicated streams at constant bit rates and the client selecting one most appropriate to their computers (or routers) connection capability. 7.3.1Content Delivery Unicast In a Unicast scenario the client connects to the server on a one-to-one basis. The number of clients is limited by bandwidth considerations. Multicast In a multicast scenario the server streams to a multicast IP address (this is a special address on the client’s network). This is a one-to-many basis and is an effective means of reaching many clients with less bandwidth overhead. UDP v TCP All content (including streams) is delivered across a network in packets. In User Datagram Protocol(UDP) the stream is sent without checking the connection and no acknowledgement of receipt is made. UDP is seen as unreliable but it is simpler and quicker. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is bi-directional so will check for receipt and retransmit missing packets. TCP is seen as reliable but slower. A good discussion on this is at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol#Comparison_of_UDP_and_TCP 7.3.2Live Streaming A live stream needs to be seen at the time of broadcast. A live stream needs connection to a publishing point on the media server which connects to an encoding device. This may be another computer or a camera with IP addressable capability. The publishing point provides the connection between the content (live stream or pre-recorded) and the client’s computer which links to it via a web-host request from the internet. 7.3.3 Video on Demand (VoD) If the stream is recorded then it is treatable in the same way as any pre-recorded media file. Note:, it is not advisable to record an encoded stream and then re-encode it as this would severely compromise its quality. Streams and Playlists Media streaming servers can have many pre-recorded files ready for streaming, often collected into separate playlists (one media file plays immediately after another). These playlist or file streams can be on a continuous loop, or awaiting selection by a viewer through the browser. This latter selection method is called video–on-demand, although it equally applies to audio files as well. Bandwidth considerations A media server can manage several streams and be linked to several web-hosts at the same time. This requires careful planning of the number of streams the media server can handle which is a function of its bandwidth connection. The more simultaneous streams being handled then the less the size of the bit rate is available for each of those streams. If a media server has a 1Gbit/second connection then it could only handle 1000 x 1Mbit/second streams. However, full utilization of the bandwidth like this is not normally done; there are recommended bit rates for video streams based on destination image size and aspect ratio, e.g. a 1280* 720 HD video with stereo audio will require around a 2.5 Mbit/sec rate. A good source for this is: http://www.adobe.com/devnet/adobe-media-server/articles/dynstream_live/popup.html Push Pull The relationship between the encoding source device and the media server is based on which device initiates the stream. i.e. it is PULLED from the source device by the media server (needed for video-on-demand), or it is PUSHED to the server by the source device to start the service (a broadcast need). The media server needs to know how the stream is to be initiated for it to start the service. 7.4 Storage 7.4.1 Read Write speed All devices that are used to store data (including audio and video) need to be able to write to the storage device faster than the transmitted data is fed to it, otherwise it must buffer (temporary memory store on a faster device) and then read from the buffer to maintain the data transmission sequence. Consequently if a device is used that cannot cope with the data transmission rate than it will fail or lose data e.g. using a low class SD card in a camcorder. Data is written to storage devices and stored in a binary format but unlike data transmission the Kilo/Mega/Giga/Terra sizes are based on multiples of 1024 (210) not 1000. The speed of data being read from a storage device may be slower than required to play in real-time which would result in its being prone to stutter and freeze. 7.4.2 Simple Storage Devices Considerations Tapes – early tapes (DVCAM, DV) required striping. This was to put a continuous time code on the tape before recording – however later tape devices (including mini-DV camcorders) made this unnecessary, though any discontinuities or repetitions in the timecode could cause problems when ingesting material to an editing workstation. Cards – cards such as SDHC have a class rating which will denote the read/write speed of the card in Megabits per second, and storage size in Gigabytes. Always check to ensure the card will work with the device and check to see if there is a device firmware update, particularly if the device is more than a year old. USB sticks as with cards their read write speeds differ wildly – check using an on-line speed testing application, it is usually better to transfer video files to a hard disk before using the file for playback or editing. CD and DVD disks have a read/write speed depending on the quality of the disk (recording speed), but another consideration is the data rate used in the writing process from such software as the video non-linear editor (NLE). An ‘average’ bit rate (based on Peak and minimum Variable bit rate (VBR)) or ‘constant’ bit rate (CBR) needs to be selected, that will not only write to the disk but allow the disk to be played on the output device. Computers can write to disks comfortably at 9 – 11 Megabits per sec. But this needs to be slower (around 5 Mb per sec) if writing to a DVD that is to be played on an older standard-definition DVD player. You should consider the bit rate as part of your consideration of overall file size and the storage capacity on the disk. A good explanation of data rate calculation is given in:-https://helpx.adobe.com/encore/using/project-planning.html#bit_budgeting Hard Disks – Many older hard disks (often found in laptops) spin at 5400 rpm, this is too slow for video playback and a minimum 7200 rpm disk is needed. Hard disk read write at around 50-150 Mbytes per sec. SSD Solid State Disks are now finding favour due to faster read/write speeds than traditional hard disk technology. SSD read write speed is between 200-500 Megabytes per sec. 7.4.3 Network Storage Connection speed Any network storage has to pass data via the network card (NIC network Interface Controller), this needs to be as fast as possible (preferably a fibre connection of 1Gbits per sec but a minimum of 10 Mbs for Ethernet). Unlike other storage considerations network traffic can be bandwidth throttled (i.e. the bit rate is reduced) and will affect speed. If the NIC card is under your administration always set it on maximum performance. NAS, SAN, Cloud NAS (Network Attached Storage) is what most people think of as network storage- an array of hard disks that allows for file storage remotely from your computer directly accessible via the network. SAN (Storage Area Networks) are a separate network but pretty much do the same job as NAS differing in access protocol. The Cloud is just another remote storage area (uses SAN technology) but accessed via the internet (typified by a URL connection – Uniform Resource Locator) not a local area network LAN connection (typified by a UNC connection – Universal Naming Convention). 7.4.4 Raid RAID (Redundant Array of Independent (or inexpensive) Disks) allows the disk storage to have a measure of redundancy and/or striping to create a secure method of retrieving data should there be a disk failure. For media technology only a few RAID levels (configurations) are used (i.e. Levels 0 and 5 – see figure 7-3 Raid diagram). Level 0 – usually this requires at least two disks and the data is striped across them. (Note: It can be put on one physical disk using two logical drives – but with little advantage). That essentially means data is split into blocks and distributed across the disks. Typically used in video storage applications as it is fast, there is no redundancy (no duplication) so recovery from a disk crash is almost impossible. Consequently if a disk fails then the file may not be fully recoverable. If you have RAID 0 on your disks, always be sure to keep an external copy of your original audio or video files. Level 1 – disk mirroring, requires at least 2 disks but is slow as it writes the same data twice (once to each disk). Data is easy to recover as the system has full redundancy (disk duplicated). This level is good for general data and possibly audio only files. Many video editors feel this level is too slow for working with video files. Level 5 – block striping and parity. This requires 3 disks minimum, data is striped across all the disks (except one) and the block parity is put on the excepted disk. This is done repeatedly using a different disk for parity on each block. One disk can fail and be rebuilt from the others by using the parity blocks on remaining disks. Raid 5 is also popular with video editors as long as the raid controller is fast enough. It is slower than level 0 but faster than Level 1 and has enough redundancy for disk recovery.

Mechanical Engineering :: essays research papers

: Mechanical Engineering   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The day to day duties of a mechanical engineer are at first repetitive, but over time and with advancement work varies. The average mechanical engineer works anywhere from thirty-five to fifty hours a week. If the engineer is ahead of schedule the hours may be less. Depending on which type of engineer you want be, you will either wear a uniform or semiformal clothing. Usually mechanical engineers work in an office or at a desk, their clothes are semiformal. Mechanical engineers are mainly designing equipment, so the outside work is minimal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The outlook for a mechanical engineer is good. The Bureau of Labor and Statistics of the Federal Government reports that the size of mechanical engineers is about 230,725. That number is expected to increase about 19 percent by the year 2005. Because things are constantly being designed and manufactured there will always be a need for mechanical engineers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The average salary for a bachelor’s degree without experience is $37,900, for a master’s without experience is $45,800, and for the doctoral without experience is $56,700. A professor of mechanical engineering at a university is $20,000 to $40,000. The head of a mechanical engineering department of a university makes upwards of $50,000. After many years of different types of engineering one may become independent and reach earnings of $50,000 to $200,000. Presidents and vice presidents may make $100,000 to $200,000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mechanical engineers must be licensed of they are to do anything that affects peoples’ lives, property, or the environment. A bachelor’s degree is minimal for most companies. A master’s degree assures a better starting salary and opportunities for advancement. High school credits should have good grades in: math, physics, chemistry, biology, drafting, computer and mechanical courses. To become a mechanical engineer you should start at a high school level when you notice curiosity of how, any why things work.

Workers Participation In Management Commerce Essay

Harmonizing to one position, workers engagement is based on the cardinal construct that the ordinary workers put his labor in, and ties his destiny to, his topographic point of work and, hence, he has a legitimate right to hold a portion in act uponing the assorted facets of company policy † . Harmonizing to G.S. Walpole, engagement in direction gives the workers a sense of importance, pride and achievement ; it gives him the freedom and the chance for self-expression ; a feeling of belonging to his topographic point of work and a sense of craft and creativeness. It provides for the integrating of his involvements with those of the direction and makes him a joint spouses in the endeavor † . The signifiers of workers engagement in direction vary from industry to industry and state to state depending upon the political system, form of direction dealingss and capable or country of engagement. The signifiers of workers engagement may be as follows: Joint Consultation Modes Joint Decision Model Self Management, or Auto Management Scheme Workers Representation on Board It should be borne in head that when persons are provided with chances for look and portion in decision-making, they show much enterprise and accept duty well. The principle of workers ‘ engagement in direction prevarications in that it helps in making amongst the workers a sense of engagement in their organisatoin, a better apprehension of their function in the smooth operation of industry and provides them a agency of self-fulfillment, thereby, advancing efficiency and increased productiveness. INTROdTION Participative Management I s a sophisticated construct I n the modern managerial universe, atleast in Indian Scene. Engagement in the decision-making procedure helps to accomplish greater occupation satisfaction on the portion of the employees and hlgher production on the portion of the administration. The workers can be motivated more efficaciously through non-monetary Incentives than through pecuniary inducements. I t one s observed in recent times that engagement Is one of the best non-monetary inducements I f the administration applies the engagement schemes decently, one T is believed that it w one cubic decimeter cubic decimeter be able to better the production and productivenesss of the different factors of production. At the same clip it serves as a incentive and satisfaction to the employees by run intoing their self-importance demands. Participative Management is the procedure of affecting subsidiaries i n the decision-making procedure. I t emphasiss active engagement of th e employees. I t utilizations thelr expertness and creativeness in work outing of import managerial jobs. I t remainders on the construct of shared authorization which holds that directors portion thelr managerla1 authorization with their subsidiaries. Participative Management, â€Å" is a procedure of deputation of authorization and duty in the general country of managerial maps. I t agencies sharing in an appropriate mode the decislonmaklng power with the lower ranks of the administration of an endeavor Participative Management is hence, a system or procedure in which workers are called upon to show their positions sing the preparation of policies and decision-making, to the direction. This is nil but a manner of sati sfylng the workers ‘ impulse for self look and making in them a feeling of belongingness in order to acquire their willing co-operation for the efficient working of the administration. The purpose of this system is to do the workers feel that the administration is their ain and its success or failure, Is their ain success or failure. I t would take the feeling of disaffection from the workers towards the direction every bit good as other workers In the same industry. Four procedures influence engagement. These procedures create employee engagement as they are pushed down to the lowest degrees in an organisation. The farther down these procedures move, the higher the degree of engagement by employees. The four procedures include: Information sharing, which is concerned with maintaining employees informed about the economic position of the company. Training, which involves raising the accomplishment degrees of employees and offering development chances that allow them to use new accomplishments to do effectual determinations sing the organisation as a whole. Employee determination devising, which can take many signifiers, from finding work agendas to make up one's minding on budgets or procedures. Wagess, which should be tied to suggestions and thoughts every bit good as public presentation.BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENTA participative direction manner offers assorted benefits at all degrees of the organisation. By making a sense of ownership in the company, participative direction instils a sense of pride and motivates employees to increase productiveness in order to accomplish their ends. Employees who participate in the determinations of the company feel like they are a portion of a squad with a common end, and happen their sense of self-pride and originative fulfillment heightened. Directors who use a participative manner happen that employees are more receptive to alter than in state of affairss in which they have no voice. Changes are implemented more efficaciously when employees have input and do parts to determinations. Participation keeps employees informed of approaching events so they will be cognizant of possible alterations. The organisation can so put itself in a proactive manner alternatively of a reactive 1, as directors are able to rapidly place countries of concern and turn to employees for solutions. Engagement helps employees derive a wider position of the organisation. Through preparation, development chances, and information sharing, employees can get the conceptual accomplishments needed to go effectual directors or top executives. It besides increases the committedness of employees to the organisation and the determinations they make. Creativity and invention are two of import benefits of participative direction. By leting a diverse group of employees to hold input into determinations, the organisation benefits from the synergism that comes from a wider pick of options. When all employees, alternatively of merely directors or executives, are given the chance to take part, the opportunities are increased that a valid and alone thought will be suggested.REQUIREMENTS OF PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENTA common misconception by directors is that participative direction involves merely inquiring employees to take part or do suggestions. Effective plans involve more than merely a suggestion box. In order for participative direction to work, several issues must be resolved and several demands must be met. First, directors must be willing to release some control to their workers ; directors must experience secure in their place in order for engagement to be successful. Often directors do non recognize that employees ‘ regar d for them will increase alternatively of lessening when they implement a participative direction manner. The success of participative direction depends on careful planning and a slow, phased attack. Changing employees ‘ thoughts about direction takes clip, as does any successful effort at a entire cultural alteration from a democratic or bossy manner of direction to a participative manner. Long-run employees may defy alterations, non believing they will last. In order for engagement to be effectual, directors must be echt and honest in implementing the plan. Many employees will necessitate to consistently see cogent evidence that their thoughts will be accepted or at least earnestly considered. The employees must be able to swear their directors and feel they are respected. Successful engagement requires directors to near employee engagement with an unfastened head. They must be unfastened to new thoughts and options in order for participative direction to work. It is of import to retrieve that although the director may non hold with every thought or suggestion an employee makes, how those thoughts are received is critical to the success of participative direction. Employees must besides be willing to take part and portion their thoughts. Participative direction does non work with employees who are inactive or merely make non care. Many times employees do non hold the accomplishments or information necessary to do good suggestions or determinations. In this instance it is of import to supply them with information or preparation so they can do informed picks. Encouragement should be offered in order to habituate employees to the participative attack. One manner to assist employees prosecute in the decision-making procedure is by cognizing their single strengths and capitalising on them. By steering employees toward countries in which they are knowing, a director can assist to guarantee their success. Before anticipating employees to do valuable parts, directors should supply them with the standards that their input must run into. This will help in flinging thoughts or suggestions that can non be implemented, are non executable, or are excessively expensive. Directors should besides give employees clip to believe about thoughts or alternate determinations. Employees frequently do non make their most originative thought on the topographic point. Another of import component for implementing a successful participative direction manner is the seeable integrating of employees ‘ suggestions into the concluding determination or execution. Employees need to cognize that they have made a part. Offering employees a pick in the concluding determination is of import because it increases their committedness, motive, and occupation satisfaction. Sometimes even merely showing several options and leting employees to take from them is every bit effectual as if they thought of the options themselves. If the employees ‘ first pick is non executable, direction might inquire for an option instead than rejecting the employee input. When an thought or determination is non acceptable, directors should supply an account. If direction repeatedly strikes down employee thoughts without implementing them, employees will get down to mistrust direction, therefore holding engagement. The key is to construct employee assurance so their thoughts and determinations become more originative and sound.ConcernsParticipative direction is non a charming remedy for all that ails an organisation. Directors should carefully weigh the pros and the cons before implementing this manner of direction. Directors must recognize that alterations will non take consequence overnight and will necessitate consistence and forbearance before employees will get down to see that direction is serious about employee engagement. Participative direction is likely the most hard manner of direction to pattern. It is disputing non merely for directors but for employees every bit good. While it is of import that direction allows employees to take part in determination devising and encourages engagement in the organisation ‘s way, directors must be cognizant of the potency for employees to pass more clip formulating suggestions and less clip finishing their work. High-level direction will non back up a participative direction plan if they believe employees are non run intoing their daily or hebdomadal ends. Some suggestions for get the better ofing this possible job are to put aside a peculiar clip each hebdomad for workers to run into with direction in order to portion their thoughts, or to let them to work on their thoughts during less busy times of the twenty-four hours or hebdomad. Another thought that works for some directors is to let employees to put up single assignments to discourse thoughts or suggestions. Directors should retrieve that participative direction is non ever the appropriate manner to manage a given state of affairs. Employees frequently respect a director that uses his or her authorization and makes determinations when it is necessary. There are times when, as a director, it is of import to be in charge, do a determination, and so accept the duty for the picks made. For illustration, participative direction is likely non appropriate when disciplinary action is needed. When directors look upon their ain occupations as a privilege alternatively of as a duty, they will neglect at doing participative direction work. They will be less willing to turn over some of the decision-making duty to subsidiaries. Another ground that participative direction fails is that directors do non recognize it is non the same as deputing or merely switching duty. Participation entirely has no value ; it is merely an effectual tool if it is used to work out jobs and meet ends. Some directors believe that ask foring employees to fall in in meetings and signifier commissions will make a successful participative direction plan. However, these steps are merely successful when employees ‘ thoughts are accepted by direction and implemented. The larger the organisation, the more hard it becomes to establish a participative direction manner. Large organisations have more beds and degrees, which complicate effectual communicating and do it hard to register the sentiments and suggestions of a diverse group of employees and directors. Critics argue that brotherhoods are frequently more effectual than participative direction in reacting to employee demands because brotherhood attempts can cut through bureaucratic organisations more rapidly. Participative direction plans can be threatened by office political relations. Due to conceal dockets and peer force per unit area, employees may maintain their sentiments to themselves and decline to state a director if they feel an thought will non work. Directors besides play a portion in political relations when they implement participative direction plans to affect their ain foremans but have no purpose of seeing them through. Many companies have experienced the positive effects of participative direction. Employees are more committed and experience more occupation satisfaction when they are allowed to take part in determination devising. Organizations have reported that productiveness improved significantly when directors used a participative manner. Participative direction is non an easy direction manner to implement. It presents assorted challenges and does non win nightlong. Directors will be more successful if they remember that it will take clip and careful planning before they will see consequences. Get downing with little undertakings that encourage and reward engagement is one manner to acquire employees to believe that direction is sincere and trusty.

Dental Law †Dental Practice Act

Dental Law – Dental Practice Act Free Online Research Papers Dental Law Dental Practice Act The dental board is also responsible for creating and enforcing the state Dental Practice Act, which contains the laws governing the business and professional aspects of dentistry in the state. The DPA determines the contractual relationship the dentist has with patients as well as how the practice must be run. The laws and provisions of the DPA are different in each state but there are some similarities with regard to the conduct of the dentist. 1 According to the Americans with disabilities Act, a dentist can’t refuse to treat any patient on the basis of race, creed, color, or disability. This includes persons with HIV and AIDS. As you may know, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). HIV suppresses or destroys the T-cells of the body’s immune system (the system that fights off disease). Because of this, AIDS patients lack the ability to fight off any disease will which they might come in contact. They frequently get opportunistic diseases, infections that usually are controlled by the body’s immune system but can’t be because it’s not working properly. Dentists who feel they can’t treat certain individuals should give them a referral to a place where they can expect treatment. 2 The dentist is responsible for the actions, legal or illegal, of himself or herself and the office auxiliaries. A patient can sue the dental treatment but can also sue the employee individually. Included in this responsibility is the direct and indirect supervision if dental auxiliaries. By direct supervision, we mean that the dentist is physically present in the office, authorizes the procedure, is there while it’s done, and checks the results before the patient leaves. By indirect, or general, supervision, we mean that the dentist delegates a procedure or type of treatment to a trained auxiliary and needn’t be physically present while it’s done. We’ll discuss later in this section how this may affect you. 3 The dentist must charge reasonable fees for treatment. Care, once begun, should be completed in a reasonable time. The dentist should notify a patient in writing if care could no longer be provided. The care a dentist must provide to a patient includes Licensure (because of all the knowledge that’s needed to become licensed) Reasonable skill and judgment in the performance of each type of procedure undertaken Use of standard materials, drugs, and techniques that are accepted by the profession. The Law and the Dental Assistant Laws affecting the use of auxiliaries have been changing in recent years. These changes are made in the DPA. In some states, the DPA has been changed to allow hygienists to work under general super vision. Assistants who’ve had special, extended training in dental procedures can work under general supervision and provide certain treatments directly in the mouth. However, in other states, dental assistants and hygienists still must work under direct supervision. If you perform duties that aren’t allowed by the DPA in your state, you’re committing an illegal act. As the laws change, continue your education. Keep up-to-date! Then the dentist will feel confident in giving you more responsibility in patient care and dental procedure. Research Papers on Dental Law - Dental Practice ActArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Moral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Fifth HorsemanUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoTwilight of the UAW19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Project Managment Office System

Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL, Five Forces) of McDonalds The WritePass Journal

Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL, Five Forces) of McDonalds 1.0 Introduction   Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL, Five Forces) of McDonalds 1.0 Introduction  1.1   Introduction1.2   Organisation Selection1.3  Organisation position1.3.1 SWOT AnalysisStrengths:Weakness:Opportunities:Threats:1.3.2 External/Internal Factors.1.3.2.1 External factors (analysed using key PESTEL factors)A. Political Factors  Economic FactorsB. Socio-Cultural FactorsC. Technological FactorsD. EnvironmentE. Legal Factors1.3.2.2 Internal Factors  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. Quality of Service:B.   Quality of product:C. Internal management:New Product / Process innovation 2.1 Facility Design and equipment:2.1.1 Restaurant Design: Innovative design to suit 2025 requirementsType of restaurant:The Market:Concept Development:Style of service:Speed of service:Per customer check Average:General Ambience:Management Philosophy:Budget:Completed restaurant design:2.1.2 Equipment:   Introduction of Technology and RobotImplementation(1) Create Urgency(2) Form a guiding coalition(3) Develop a vision and strategy(4) Communicating the vision(5) Enabling action and removal of obstacles(6) Generating short-term wins  (7) Hold the gains and build on change  (8) Anchor changes in the cultureReferences:Related 1.0 Introduction   1.1   Introduction The term restaurant is an establishment where food is prepared and served to the people and always/almost refers to any sort of dine-in. Restaurants range from simple dining places where food is catered to people nearby or tourists for a reasonable price to expensive eat-outs serving food and wine in formal outfits depending on the local culture and tradition. Restaurants are classified based upon the range of menu, pricing and the mode of preparation. The changing trends in economy and income changed the purchasing power. The change in purchasing power also reflected in the market preferences and consumer behaviour. The industry has started becoming customer centric. This lead to the change of historic serving method (food served to the table by a waiter) to evolve into of fast-food and take away restaurants. There is quite a lot of difference between different types of restaurant. A coffee shop serving breakfast and lunch is completely different from the fast food industry (Rainsfo rd, 2001, P.208)     Fast food restaurants ranges from small road side vendors to American giants like McDonald’s and KFC (Caterersearch, 2011). But they have one thing in common. They deliver their service to the customers very quickly when compared to typical restaurants. 1.2   Organisation Selection The case study is to develop an organisation as the restaurant of the future (2025) and to predict the possible challenges and opportunities in achieving it. The study has also tried to suggest methods to overcome the odds and capitalise on the possible strengths. What began with a handful of hot dog and hamburger has spread its influence into every aspect of the society as an industry (Schlosser, 2001, p.3). This case study has considered McDonald’s possibility of becoming a restaurant of the future.   Patrick McDonald in 1937 opened a restaurant â€Å"The Airdrome† selling hamburgers and juices. Later in 1940 Maurice and Richard, sons of Patrick McDonald opened a speed Service system and named the restaurant as â€Å"McDonald’s†. There are now more than 31000 restaurants in over 119 countries and revenue of US$ 24 billion (McDonalds, 2011 Securities and Exchange Commission, 2011). McDonald’s is the biggest chain of restaurants in the world serv ing nearly fifty million customers per day (McDonalds, 2011). 1.3  Organisation position Different organisations are influenced by different factors, but in common they are influenced by political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. The response to these factors is determined by the organisation`s strengths, weakness, and managerial efficiency. McDonald’s, being a food industry, dominates the market till today with its diversification. McDonald’s market leadership can be attributed mainly to its growth in the recent years. The growth was steady despite global economic crisis. The improvement in the buying pattern of the people is a result of the overall increase in the income and the standard of living of the middle class. People have started to find ways to increase their income to rather than curb their comforts. UNESCO has predicted a substantial amount of increase in the consuming class. These facts make the organisation look very positive in future (UNESCO, 2011). 1.3.1 SWOT Analysis Strengths: Innovation and diversification in product range. Extensive geographical and demographical presence. Management and franchise network`s support and adoptability to the dynamic market Not being complacent and its attitude of uncertainty acceptance Weakness: Customer behaviour and expectation differs vastly among different cultures and boundaries. Opportunities: Increase in the number of applications for franchising. This goodwill of the organisation is a great asset in the long run. Increase in demand for the service oriented sector with increase in population of the consuming class. Its commitment to provide health conscious diet has attracted customers across the globe. Innovation in the product range keeps on accumulating the customer base. Threats: Legal threats including law suits against the restaurant against their advertising, meals, obesity caused by their food, fries, employment etc. Campaign against McDonalds by independent organisations like Mcspotlight posing a real risk to its marketing strategy (Mcspotlight, 2011). McDonalds have problems with fluctuations in operating and net profits which ultimately impact investor relations. Operating profit was $3,984 million (2005) $4,433 million (2006) and $3,879 million (2007). Net profits were $2,602 million (2005), $3,544 million (2006) and $2,395 million (2007) (Marketingteacher, 2011). Opposition from parent group for attracting the kids by providing toys/gifts etc., thereby soliciting them to the unhealthy fast food culture at an early age. Food contamination will lead to an epidemic as the raw food is always handled in mass and distributed to every part of the country by centralised distribution centre. Competition from major food chains like Burger King, KFC and mid-range local restaurants which sell similar products at much less price than McDonalds. 1.3.2 External/Internal Factors. 1.3.2.1 External factors (analysed using key PESTEL factors) PESTEL analysis helps us to understand the overall picture of the operation of an industry. A. Political Factors The operations of any organisation are heavily influenced by the individual state policies enforced by each government and McDonald’s is no exception. For instance, there are certain groups in Europe and the United States that protest to the state pertaining to the health implications of consuming fast food. They claim that harmful elements like cholesterol and adverse effects like obesity are attributable to consuming fast food. There are other factors such as the tax law, employment law and related trade restrictions. Tax rates could affect the growth of the organisation.   In a diverse working environment employment restrictions like working hour’s regulation require the organisation to employ more staff. Amendments like this increase the overall cost involved.   Certain restriction has very strong influence in the operation of the organisation. Certain laws penetrate so deep that they even constrain the content of the food.   Economic Factors Organisations like McDonalds which have global presence are affected by the changes in inflation and the exchange rates.   Hence, these chains may have to adapt to the issues and the effects of the economic environment. The economic factors also determine the supply and demand relationship of the raw materials within the organisation. Other economic factors that impact the organisation are inflation rate, wage rate, and cost of living (Ivythesis, 2011). B. Socio-Cultural Factors International strategies of McDonald’s seem to act on several fields to guarantee lucrative returns for the organisation.   To illustrate, the organisation improves on establishing a positive mind-set from their core consumers.   McDonald’s have understood its customers based on their characteristics. A recent survey has proved that McDonald’s most frequent customers are below the age of thirty-five (Ivythesis, 2011). C. Technological Factors The Company’s key tool for marketing is by means of television advertisements. Elements like the inventory system and the management of the value chain of the company allows for easy payments for theirs. The integration of technology in the operations of McDonalds tends to add value to their products. The improvement of the inventory system as well as its supply chain allows the company to operate in an international context (Ivythesis, 2011). D. Environment The social responsibility of McDonald’s on a region is influenced by the operations of the company in that specific region.   These entail accusations of environmental damage.   Among the reasons why the company is charged with such claims is the employment of non-biodegradable substances for the glasses and Styrofoam coffers, which is offered for the meals (Ivythesis, 2011) E. Legal Factors Legal aspects like tax obligations, employment standards, and quality requirements are only a few among the other equally important legal factors on which the company has to take into consideration (Ivythesis, 2011). 1.3.2.2 Internal Factors  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McDonald’s constantly deals with very active and rigorous competition. Statistics and results show that there is always the threat of new competitor. One of the internal strength that McDonald’s has had in the past is its early entry into the international market. Due to the fact that it was among the first to enter the international market, it was readily able to analyse what the requirements of the industry and capitalised on its strength. The key reasons for the success of McDonald’s are A. Quality of Service: McDonalds was very committed towards achieving customer satisfaction. It consistently looked to improve its product range. Few of those developments include taking orders in the drive-thru’ with hand held PDA’s, by which not only the speed of the service was improved but also the quality of service was improved. The idle time of the customer was reduced. B.   Quality of product: Another important area within the customer service and customer satisfaction is the quality of product. It is a very well-known fact, that for the success of a food industry, the key area is the quality. McDonald’s lead in the market share for such a very long period of time demonstrates its quality. C. Internal management: Internal management is a key area in the organisation and is mainly controlled by IT systems. IT systems developments are colossal, in every named field. Their developments within this environment are in the following sectors Reports, Base, Forecast and Setup. New Product / Process innovation Innovations of the mangers are the assets of the companies in the present scenario. Innovation enables one to see potential acquisitions through different perspectives. Apart from producing monetary gains, innovation provides a greater scope for the organisation to deal with. Innovation also provides an edge in being able to enter new markets faster and deeper. Innovation serves as a fuel for the companies to accelerate (Maglio, 2006). There are various factors which influence the position of a restaurant, as we discussed earlier all these factors could experience change by 2025. It is impossible to predict the outcome or the progress of an industry accurately. Most restaurants adapt to the changing scenario rather than pre-empting on the change and acting proactively. The company that builds a culture of innovation and is able to evolve with change is on the path to growth. The company that fails to innovate is on the road to obsolescence (Kandampully, 2000). McDonalds is experiencing fierce competition from the developing Asian and Indian economy. The ways to withstand these threats are also discussed. McDonalds is going back to the future. The burger giant is investing $2.4 billion in renovating 2,000 of their locations, including 400 in the U.S., and building 1,000 new restaurants in the style of the renovations that they are doing (Franchises, 2011). Based on the location of the restaurant the designs vary. There are three major styles into consideration which is the urban living, young and cheering and the fresh and vibrant (Jaunted, 2011). Environmental concerns over waste management have forced McDonalds to switch to biodegradable packaging as well as to reduce the companys greenhouse-gas emissions. The next 10 years will see a culture of adapting to more recyclable material used in packaging, for serving, and separate receptacle bins for cups, plastic lids and leftover food (Minyanville, 2011). As re-organizing a complete restaurant for 2025 specification is the scope of this assignment, few specific areas of development are selected. Facility Design and equipment are discussed in detail in this study. New innovative ideas and a road map to implement those ideas were also discussed. The key task is to analyse the customer expectations, innovations and apply creativity to the thought by developing a model of a restaurant for 2025. The population of the United Kingdom is projected to increase gradually from an estimated 59.8 million in 2000 to reach nearly 65 million by 2025, according to national statistics published by the government (Gad, 2011). 2.1 Facility Design and equipment: 2.1.1 Restaurant Design: Innovative design to suit 2025 requirements Restaurant design plays a critical role in attracting and retaining customers. At the same time, design must complement food preparation and service. Successful restaurant design shows how to incorporate your understanding of the restaurants front- and back-of-the-house operations into a design that meets the needs of the restaurants owners, staff, and clientele. Moreover, it shows how an understanding of the restaurants concept, market, and menu enables one to create a design that not only facilitates a seamless operation but also enhances the dining experience (Baraban, 2010, p.80-89). Successful restaurant design should be based on a complete feasibility study that covers the following ten areas (Baraban, 2010, p.95). Type of restaurant The Market Concept Development Menu Style of Service Speed of service The per customer-Check average General ambience Management philosophy Budget These points should be considered at start of a project, before arriving at layouts and specifications. Type of restaurant: The restaurant (McDonalds) is a fast food restaurant that needs to aid both take away and eat-in customers. In 2025 it is expected that the market will be expecting something really quick and fast food is one of the options to move forward. The Market: A good market analysis looks at main four components: potential customers, competition, location and economic environment. These factors have been discussed earlier. Concept Development: The assumption in this study is that by 2025, the population will rise by 6 million and in order to meet the demand, the organisation needs more space, quick service and value added service Menu: The food and menu are beyond the scope of this study and hence not discussed Style of service: Style of service in this design is considered to be carried over from the current style. Speed of service: It is for sure that the customer’s expectation will be rocketing over the next decade and the speed of service will have to be improved. The equipments that are suggested in the next section are assumed to meet the service speed target. Per customer check Average: The nature of business implies the per customer check average is not going to be more than  £50 and this suggests that the restaurant will have to make huge customer turn around to become successful. This is based on the inflation rate in 2025. General Ambience: The atmospheres that future managers are throwing into this design set up is eat-in and go type. As this will be apt solution for a fast food industry. Management Philosophy: Management is designed to be a central command centre, rather than having manager in each restaurant. This is to save cost and have a unified command centre with unique target. Each store is to be connected to the central command centre through which the person/Computer in command could see the status of the shop floor activities. A computer constantly monitors the sales, stock and cooking time and the command is provided to the shop floor where the robots are tasked to do the required amendments (Kandampully, 2000). Budget: The assumption is that the design would be implemented as a pilot project and there is sufficient budget to setup a whole new restaurant based on the requirements for 2025. Completed restaurant design: The design of the restaurant is assumed to be completed with the above assumptions, requirements and is available for implementation. The next task is to analyse and implement the newly designed restaurant. 2.1.2 Equipment:   Introduction of Technology and Robot As we may be aware with the increasing population across the globe, the future of McDonalds could be a robot making a ham burger reducing manpower and increasing speed of service (Myownspunk, 2011). It’s a well-known fact that technology is the future. The use of electronic gadgets or robots to operate manual devices such as in the automotive industry or for manual handling of raw materials using robots will be a common trend for that generation of 2025; the use of robots in the food industry will be a common trend in future. Creativity could be a solution to complex problems, the future could be robots taking orders; preparing and serving food in the most efficient manner possible. Figure.1 Cost estimate of installing a Robot in a fast food industry (McGrath, 2004, p.228). Certainly man power will be reduced with the innovation idea of robots doing these tasks. The product cost for robot is expected to be $34,215 for the first year and reducing in the subsequent years (McGrath, 2004, p.228) Considering the levels of education the future generations are going to embark on, retail low skills in-proficient job like preparing food and taking orders by the generation is not going to be desirable. The innovation of robots into this market could also increase the speed of service as fast food restaurants are well renowned for its speed of service.   No matter the laws for an industry may vary from country to country but when it counts to food hygiene the laws across the globe are similar and not only the government, even the public will be very much concerned about the hygiene. To an extent one can be certain that these hygiene laws are easily met by the implementation of technology (Maglio, 2006). Implementation The innovator will be the leader in the future. The innovator need not necessarily be a technical genius, but he must be able plant the attitude of innovation and nurture it.   Collaboration is essential; failure is an unwelcome but inevitable outcome. Innovation leaders are comfortable with uncertainty and have an open mind; they are receptive to ideas from very different disciplines. They have organized innovation into a disciplined process that is cyclic and systematic. And, they will have the tools and skills to pinpoint and manage the risks inherent in innovation. Not everyone has these attributes. But companies cannot build a culture of innovation without cultivating people who do (Gadrey, 1995). When restaurateurs evaluate whether to adopt technology-based service innovations, they must consider not only the costs and benefits of that technology, but also the customers’ reactions to the procedural changes with respect to the innovation. Technology that fails to build customer satisfaction may not be worthwhile, no matter how much it reduces labour costs (Gann, 1998). In order to implement the above facility design and equipment change, John Kotters highly regarded book Leading Change (1995) was referred and a helpful model for understanding and managing change was used. John Kotter’s eight steps have been applied to McDonald’s implementation program as below: (1) Create Urgency According to John Kotter 1995, 75% of a companys senior management needs to support the change. In this case, a proposal is to arrange for a team meeting and present the change management plan and make sure that every team member is aware of the new facility design and the (technology of ) robot they are going to work with. This can involve a complete SWOT analysis, scenario planning and full deployment of all the strategic planning tools. Results of analysis and early conclusions should be thoroughly tested with informed third party opinion and a wide cross section of all stakeholders (Johnkotter, 2011). (2) Form a guiding coalition After all the team members are aware of the changes, its time to form a team to instigate the implementation process. Building the momentum for change requires a strong leadership and visible support from key people within the organisation. The coalition will involve a wide representation of the formal and informal power-base within the organisation (Johnkotter, 2011). By working as a team, the coalition helps to create more momentum and build the sense of urgency in relation to the need for change (Johnkotter, 2011). (3) Develop a vision and strategy A drive for change without a clear focus will rapidly fizzle out unless one develops a clear vision of the future that is accompanied with a clear description about how things will be different in the future (Johnkotter, 2011). The vision for this project is a)   implement the new facility design b)   introduce robot technology to make and distribute burgers Strategy is to have the implementation completed in set time and understand the root cause of any issues in this pilot programme so that future application of similar concepts could be done with ease. (4) Communicating the vision It is equally important to communicate the vision to the individuals who are involved in the implementation of the McDonalds new vision. This goes beyond the â€Å"special announcement† meetings and involves frequent and informal face-to-face contact with the people by the manager and by all individual members of the coalition (Kotter, 1995, p.110). There will be long list of items that has to be passed between the team which include schedules, training material, new procedures etc. The manager of the future will be responsible for communication and should make sure that the changes are received by every individual in the organisation. (5) Enabling action and removal of obstacles This is the stage where the change initiative moves beyond the planning and the talking and into practical action as you put supportive structures in place and empower and encourage your people to take risks in pursuit of the vision (Johnkotter, 2011). Regular meetings in which the reports are reviewed will provide better means to identify and remove obstacles and inhibitors to change. These may arise in processes or structures that are getting in the way. This may also involve addressing resistant individuals and/or groups and helping them to reorient themselves to the requirements of the new realities (Johnkotter, 2011). (6) Generating short-term wins This is important as a counter to critics and negative influencers who may otherwise impede the progress of the implementation initiative (Kotter, 1995, p.85-90). In this implementation program the short term goals could be easily identified. It is also important to recognise and reward all those people who make these early gains possible (Kotter, 1995, p.43-47). Every week a team member will be selected based on their performance and rewarded. This will motivate them and result in more productivity as team members will compete to gain that honour.   (7) Hold the gains and build on change Kotter argues that many change initiatives fail because victory is declared too early. An early win is not the end of a journey (Kotter, 1995, p.67). When a road block is seen on the implementation program the issue could be resolved by changing the plan or changing the viewpoint. Bringing in new people into the team will be a beneficial idea as the fresh eyes will capture something which was missed by the existing team (Kotter, 1995, p.73).   (8) Anchor changes in the culture John Kotter says that for any change to be sustained, it needs to become embedded in the new â€Å"way we do things around here† – that is the culture.   McDonalds has been seen as a fast food chain. It is really important to implement the change in a way that the trademark is not affected by the change. A major part of this is to articulate the connections between new behaviours and organisational success. To benchmark with organisations that have succeeded as a result of change and innovation and replicate their success (JohnKotter, 2011). References: Baraban, R.S. (2010) Successful Restaurant Design. London, John Wiley Sons. Caterersearch (2011) McDonalds restaurants. [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from: mcdonalds.ca/en/aboutus/faq.aspx [Accessed 21st June 2011]. Dabholkar, P.A. (1999) Consumer evaluations of new technology-based self-service options: An investigation of alternative models of service quality. International Journal of Research in Marketing, (13) 1 February, pp.29-51. Franchises (2011) McDonalds. [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from: http://franchises.about.com/b/2011/05/26/mcdonalds-renovations.htm [Accessed 21st June 2011]. Gadrey, J. (1995) New models of the innovation. How services benefit industry. International journal of services industry management, (6) 3 March, pp.4-16. Gann, D.M. (1998) Learning and innovation management in project based service enhanced firms. Journal of innovation management, (2) 4 September, pp.431-454. Jaunted (2011) McDonalds Fututre [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from: jaunted.com/story/2009/3/6/63325/49594/travel/What+Will+McDonalds+Look+Like+In+the+Future%3F [Accessed 21st June 2011]. John Kotter (2011) Stratagy and Change. [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from: strategies-for-managing-change.com/john-kotter.html [Accessed 22nd June 2011]. Kandampully, J. Customer loyalty in hotel industry: the role of customer satisfaction and image. International journal of contemporary hospitality management, (12) 6 June, pp.346-351. Kotter, J (1995) Leading Change. Boston, HarvardUniversity Press. Gad (2011) Population prediction. [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from: gad.gov.uk/Documents/Demography/Projections/2000-based_National_population_projections.pdf [Accessed 22nd June 2011]. Ivythesis, (2011) PESTEL analysis. [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from:   http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/pestle-analysis-of-mcdonalds.html#ixzz1QxZTV3sM [Accessed 21st June 2011]. Marketingteacher (2011) McDonalds SWOT. [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from: marketingteacher.com/swot/mcdonalds-swot.html [Accessed 22nd June 2011]. Magilo, P.P. (2006) Sercice system, service scientists, SSME innovation. Communication of the ACM, (49) 7 July, pp.894-914. McGrath, E.M. (2004) Next generation product development. USA, McGraw-Hill. Mcspotlight (2011) Competitors in the market. [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from: mcspotlight.org/help.html [Accessed 22nd June 2011]. Minyanville (2011) Business market [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from:   minyanville.com/businessmarkets/articles/MCD-BIG-Food-FAST-Mac-future/12/15/2008/id/20135 [Accessed 22nd June 2011]. Myownspunk (2011) Hamburger-Robot. [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from: myownspunk.com/robots/lego-hamburger-robot [Accessed 22nd June 2011]. Rainsford, P. (2001) The restaurant start up guide. London, Kaplan professional company. Schlosser, E. (2001) Fast Food Nation: The Dark side of the All-American Meal. London, Sage publications. Securities and Exchange Commission (2011) About McDonalds in USA   [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from: sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/63908/000119312511046701/d10k.htm [Accessed 21st June 2011]. UNESCO (2011) Population trends. [Internet], Leeds, LeedsMetropolitanUniversity. Available from: unesco.org/education/tlsf/TLSF/theme_c/mod13/uncom13t01.htm [Accessed 22nd June 2011].

International Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Paper - Essay Example Any changes in these factors of the economy can lead to the company’s planning to be affected to a great extent. Thus when an organization like Big Drive Auto requires making any specific decision or plan, like increasing the prices for fuel or the vehicles themselves, then it is essential that macro economic data is well taken into consideration. This will allow the company to rightly understand the total variation in the economic market of the country and this allows for the pricing to be more appropriate and allows the company to make higher profits. Thus the operations and the planning become more apt for the organization in terms of the whole economy of the country. There has been a strong focus on the reliability of the forecasts in terms of the macroeconomic variables. The major problems that have been noted are the ability to relate to the balance between the aggregate demand and the aggregate supply. Thus to ensure complete reliability of the macroeconomic variables, it is essential to place a focus on the balance of the aggregate demand and the aggregate supply. This can be the demand side policy which generally seeks to influence the level of spending in the economy and the supply side policy which mainly directly influence the level of production. There are a number of uncertainties that are faced by companies in terms of the macroeconomic forecast. In recent researches there has been a clear that the private sector tends to face issues which are related to the rational bias. The uncertainty of the macroeconomics forecasts can be dealt with, by a thorough study and understanding of the various prices of the number of units sold across different locations. This however requires to be analyzed by choosing a wide range of locations and over a number of years. Also as the value of oil and coolants are affected by the economic condition of the country, hence a focus should be made on the

Hybrid Cultures and the Hermetically Sealed Cultures Essay

Hybrid Cultures and the Hermetically Sealed Cultures - Essay Example Huntington views the Arab world as being primarily 'sealed' because it avoids the advances and the cultural hybrid elements of democratic countries. According to his view, there is a certain core collective of nations who try to derive their power by opposing western influences and define their own place in an increasingly diverse world. Barber's more capitalistic interpretation understanding of global imperialism is in direct contrast to Huntington's view. He believes America is a hybrid country that is "democratic", even though it is aggressive toward countries that exercise their own sovereignty as 'sealed' cultures. The primary foundation for Huntington's argument on the "clash of civilizations" after the Cold War is that there is not a single country to which American allied nations could rally against in a bi-polar construct. Huntington's perspective is based on American bias on the danger that Communism posed through the Soviet Union as an example of the new Arab threat: During the Cold War global politics became bipolar and the world divided into three parts. A group of mostly wealthy and democratic societies, led by the United States, was engaged in a pervasive ideological, political, economic, and, at times, military competition (Huntington, ,p.21). The criterion for this belief is based on the American view that the conflict with the Soviet automatically created a situation in which they became the two dominant forces and the rest of the countries allied themselves on either side based on whether they followed a capitalist or communist ideology. However, America's identity as a democratic society with immense wealth that had to subdue poorer communist societies is often generalized through Huntington's "triumphalist" view of American domination. In fact, the harshly undemocratic nature of American hegemony in Latin America and other nation states presents a stark contrast to the idealized discourse of freedom and liberty that Huntington defines in the conflict between American and the Soviet Union. This fact is over-generalized in Huntington's view and supports a deliberately biased superiority of western civilization over the rest of the world before 1991. The first basis of Huntington's theory on Muslim culture as to the historicity of violence that was founded in its early beginnings does not hold ground considering that Judaism and Christianity also propounded the use of "the sword" to fight with one another and also against other religions. Surely, the comment made by George Bush about a "Crusade" against Muslim terrorism reveals the age-old Christian tradition of using military force in the name of Christ (Ford para.2). Although Huntington likes to compare Christ's seeming passivity to his enemies in the Christian faith, the United States (as a Christian nation) has certainly gone against the dictates of Christ's message by attacking Iraq without any evidence of WMDS. Similarly, the hollowness of the hybrid foundation for western